Kiran Shakya
Law
June 2025
The need to protect national security in the era of technological surveillance and digital governance has resulted in the extension of state monitoring powers, frequently at the expense of individual privacy rights. This study critically analyses the ways in which current surveillance laws in both domestic and international jurisdictions aim to strike a balance between the protection of civil liberties and security requirements. The study assesses the moral and legal conundrums raised by the application of artificial intelligence and mass surveillance by examining important legal frameworks like the GDPR, FISA, the Investigatory Powers Act, and India's Information Technology Act. The ramifications of opaque surveillance methods, the dangers of algorithmic bias, and the disproportionate effect on underprivileged communities are also examined in the study. The study makes policy recommendations to integrate accountability, transparency, and proportionality into surveillance systems based on a comparative legal and ethical analysis. In order to guarantee that national security measures do not compromise democratic values or human dignity in the digital age, the findings highlight the urgent need for regulatory reform.
1257- 1268
© Airo Journals 2021
