Dr. Ramesh Kumar Singh
Law
July 2025
This paper takes a serious look at the structural and doctrinal changes brought in by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), which together remove the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Indian Evidence Act developed during the colonial period. The study focuses on how well these reforms have achieved in simplifying legal provisions, integration of new technologies and dealing with new kinds of crime. The focus is being specifically provided to the procedural reforms, including time bound trials, e-FIRs and mandatory forensic evidence as well as formal recognition of electronic and digital evidence. In the paper, the doctrinal changes such as a redefinition of the sedition, the creation of new offences and their impact on the constitutional rights are examined. The reactions of the stakeholders, the concerns expressed by the lawyers and jurists, and civil society groups are also considered to estimate the practical and normative implementation difficulties. The framework aims at the improvement of the justice delivery process, making it more efficient and focusing on the citizens, but the ultimate effectiveness of the framework relies on infrastructure, law knowledge, and institutional responsibility
214- 226
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